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# The DOS eras

The DOS era spanned a bit more than 15 years — from the original IBM PC in 1981 to the final wave of DOS games in the late 1990s. Hardware evolved dramatically during this period, and games were designed for the capabilities of their time.

Matching the emulated hardware to a game’s era is often a necessity as the game won’t even start up otherwise. But even if it would, using period-authentic emulated hardware is preferable for getting an optimal, creator-intended experience.

## The early days (1981–1984)

The IBM PC launched in 1981 as a business machine, but games appeared almost immediately. The hardware was modest: an Intel 8088 running at 4.77 MHz, monochrome Hercules graphics , or CGA graphics offering four colours at 320×200 resolution, and the PC speaker as the only sound source. Software arrived on 360 KB floppy disks, and many early games were “booter” titles that ran directly from the floppy and did not require a hard drive or even an operating system.

### Notable games

- Wizardry (1981) — the granddaddy of dungeon crawler RPGs with forced ironman
- Castle Wolfenstein (1981) — stealth action pioneer
- Microsoft Flight Simulator (1982) — one of the first major PC games
- Zork (1982) — the first Infocom text adventure
- Ultima III: Exodus (1983) — foundational RPG by the one and only Richard Garriot
- Lode Runner (1983) — highly addictive puzzle-action-platformer
- The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy (1984) — legendary Infocom text adventure
- Alley Cat (1984) — beloved CGA platformer
- King’s Quest (1984) — first animated adventure game of the iconic Sierra On-Line
- Rogue (1984) — the original textmode roguelike

### Typical hardware

Component | Typical spec
--- | ---
CPU | Intel 8088, 4.77 MHz
Graphics | CGA (or Hercules)
Sound | PC speaker
RAM | 256–640 KB

### DOSBox Staging config

    [dosbox]
    machine = cga

    [cpu]
    cpu_cycles = 300

    [sblaster]
    sbtype = none

Alternatively, use `machine = hercules` to emulate the Hercules graphics adapter.

## EGA and Tandy (1984–1987)

The IBM PC/AT introduced the 286 CPU in 1984 alongside EGA graphics, which offered 16 colours graphics — a big step up from the fixed 4-colour palettes of CGA. Around the same time, Tandy cloned the failed IBM PCjr’s enhanced graphics and sound hardware into the much more successful Tandy 1000 line, giving budget-conscious gamers 16-colour graphics and three-voice sound. The PC speaker remained the dominant sound source on non-Tandy machines, though the AdLib card appeared in 1987 to change that.

### Notable games

- Ultima IV: Quest of the Avatar (1985) — pioneering RPG with a moral system
- The Bard’s Tale (1985) — classic party-based RPG
- Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1985) — educational classic
- Starflight (1986) — open-world space exploration
- Might and Magic: Book One (1986) — sprawling first-person RPG
- Space Quest (1986) — humorous sci-fi adventure
- Sid Meier’s Pirates! (1987) — genre-defining open-world adventure
- Leisure Suit Larry (1987) — adult comedy adventure
- Maniac Mansion (1987) — SCUMM engine debut
- Dungeon Master (1987) — real-time dungeon crawling pioneer

### Typical hardware

Component | Typical spec
--- | ---
CPU | Intel 286, 8–12 MHz
Graphics | EGA (or Tandy)
Sound | PC speaker (Tandy 3-voice, AdLib from 1987)
RAM | 640 KB

### DOSBox Staging config

    [dosbox]
    machine = ega

    [cpu]
    cpu_cycles = 1500

Tip

Set `machine = tandy` for games that support Tandy graphics and sound. Many mid-1980s Sierra and other titles look and sound significantly better in Tandy mode. You can also emulate the PCjr by setting `machine = pcjr`.

## The VGA and Sound Blaster revolution (1987–1990)

Two hardware breakthroughs transformed PC gaming in the late 1980s. VGA graphics arrived in 1987 with 256 colours at 320×200 resolution, enabling visuals that could finally rival the glorious Commodore Amiga. On the audio side, the AdLib card brought FM synthesis to the PC in 1987, followed by the Sound Blaster in 1989 which added digital audio playback. The 386 CPU provided the processing power to drive increasingly ambitious games. This period marks the moment PC gaming became a serious force.

For those with deeper pockets, the Roland MT-32 sound module (released in 1987) offered dramatically superior music through its LA synthesis engine. Sierra On-Line was an early champion of the MT-32, and most of their late-80s games sound remarkably better on the MT-32 compared to AdLib option (which is no wonder since the music was usually composed for the MT-32, then the other variants were derived from that). It remained expensive and never became mainstream, but it’s widely regarded as the best way to experience game music from this period.

### Notable games

- Wasteland (1988) — post-apocalyptic RPG that inspired Fallout
- Pool of Radiance (1988) — first Gold Box D&D RPG
- Ultima V: Warriors of Destiny (1988) — deep narrative RPG
- SimCity (1989) — city-building pioneer
- Prince of Persia (1989) — rotoscoped animation breakthrough
- Quest for Glory: So You Want to Be a Hero (1989) — adventure-RPG hybrid
- Populous (1989) — the original god simulator
- The Secret of Monkey Island (1990) — peak LucasArts adventure blockbuster
- Wing Commander (1990) — cinematic space combat
- Railroad Tycoon (1990) — business simulation classic

### Typical hardware

Component | Typical spec
--- | ---
CPU | Intel 386DX, 25–33 MHz
Graphics | VGA
Sound | Sound Blaster (or AdLib) Roland MT-32
RAM | 1–4 MB

### DOSBox Staging config

    [dosbox]
    machine = svga_s3

    [cpu]
    cpu_cycles = 6000

    [sblaster]
    sbtype = sb1

    [midi]
    mididevice = mt32
    model = mt32_old

## The 486 era (1990–1993)

The 486 brought a huge performance leap in the early 1990s. The AMD 386DX-40 offered near-486 performance at a fraction of the cost, extending the 386’s life for budget users. Sound hardware matured rapidly; the Sound Blaster Pro and 16 added stereo output, and the Gravis UltraSound offered advanced wavetable synthesis which far outclassed the Amiga’s impressive sound capabilities. Hard drives became affordable for home users, and games grew to fill them.

The Roland Sound Canvas SC-55, released in 1991, became the reference device for General MIDI game music, offering a standardised set of 128 realistic-sounding instruments. Many games from this era supported both General MIDI and the MT-32. The Roland CM-32L, a cost-reduced MT-32 variant with extra sound effects, was also popular and many games took advantage of it (typically LucasArts games).

### Notable games

- Civilization (1991) — the strategy game by which all others are measured
- Eye of the Beholder (1991) — stone-cold dungeon crawler classic
- Lemmings (1991) — genre-defying addictive puzzle game
- Wolfenstein 3D (1992) — the first-person shooter prototype
- Dune II (1992) — a forerunner of the real-time strategy genre
- Ultima Underworld (1992) — the first true 3D RPG
- Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis (1992) — LucasArts adventure masterpiece
- Ultima VII: The Black Gate (1992) — one of the greatest RPGs ever made
- Star Control II (1992) — epic space adventure
- Syndicate (1993) — cyberpunk real-time tactics
- Day of the Tentacle (1993) — pinnacle of point-and-click adventures

### Typical hardware

Component | Typical spec
--- | ---
CPU | Intel 486DX2, 33–66 MHz
Graphics | VGA
Sound | Sound Blaster Pro 2 (or GUS) Roland MT-32 (or Sound Canvas SC-55)
RAM | 4–16 MB

### DOSBox Staging config

    [dosbox]
    machine = svga_s3

    [cpu]
    cpu_cycles = 30000

    [sblaster]
    sbtype = sbpro2

    [gus]
    # Only enable it for games that use the Gravis Ultrasound
    gus = on

    [midi]
    mididevice = mt32
    model = cm32l

Alternatively, use `sbtype = sb16` to emulate the Sound Blaster 16, and `mididevice = soundcanvas` to emulate the Roland Sound Canvas SC-55.

## The Pentium era (1993–1996)

Intel’s Pentium processor arrived in 1993 and rapidly became the standard for serious gaming. The Sound Blaster 16 was ubiquitous, SVGA cards pushed higher resolutions and colour depths, and CD-ROM drives became standard, ushering in the era of full-motion video and CD audio soundtracks. This was the golden age of DOS gaming, the period that produced many of the platform’s most celebrated titles that served as blueprints for the modern gaming industry.

By this point, General MIDI via the Roland Sound Canvas SC-55 had become the dominant standard for game music, gradually displacing the MT-32. Most Pentium-era games with MIDI support target General MIDI as their primary music option, and the SC-55 remains the best way to hear these soundtracks as intended.

### Notable games

- Master of Orion (1993) — definitive 4X space strategy
- DOOM (1993) — defined the FPS genre
- X-COM: UFO Defense (1994) — tactical strategy masterpiece
- Panzer General (1994) — accessible wargaming classic
- Star Wars: TIE Fighter (1994) — best Star Wars space sim
- System Shock (1994) — cyberpunk immersive sim cult classic
- Tex Murphy: Under a Killing Moon (1994) — FMV detective adventure
- Command & Conquer (1995) — popularised real-time strategy
- Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness (1995) — landmark RTS
- Jagged Alliance (1995) — tactical mercenary RPG
- Heroes of Might and Magic (1995) — turn-based strategy gem
- Discworld (1995) — Terry Pratchett point-and-click adventure
- The Elder Scrolls: Daggerfall (1996) — massive open-world RPG

### Typical hardware

Component | Typical spec
--- | ---
CPU | Intel Pentium, 90–133 MHz
Graphics | SVGA
Sound | Sound Blaster 16 (or GUS) Sound Canvas SC-55
RAM | 16 MB

### DOSBox Staging config

    [dosbox]
    machine = svga_s3

    [cpu]
    cpu_cycles = 80000

    [sblaster]
    sbtype = sb16

    [gus]
    # Only enable it for games that use the Gravis UltraSound
    gus = on

    [midi]
    mididevice = soundcanvas

## The twilight of DOS (1996–1998)

By the mid-1990s, Windows 95 and DirectX were rapidly taking over PC gaming. The final wave of DOS games pushed hardware hard — fast Pentiums and Pentium MMX processors, Sound Blaster 16 or AWE32 wavetable sound cards, and SVGA graphics at 640×480 or higher resolution with early Voodoo 3D acceleration. These late DOS titles often demanded top-of-the-line hardware and represent the platform’s technical peak, even as the ecosystem was transitioning to Windows.

### Notable games

- Quake (1996) — true 3D engine revolution
- Duke Nukem 3D (1996) — interactive environments and humour
- Heroes of Might and Magic II (1996) — refined turn-based strategy
- Tomb Raider (1996) — 3D action-adventure landmark
- Broken Sword (1996) — acclaimed point-and-click adventure
- Descent II (1996) — six-degrees-of-freedom shooter
- Dungeon Keeper (1997) — play the villain strategy classic
- Fallout (1997) — post-apocalyptic RPG masterpiece
- Theme Hospital (1997) — Bullfrog management sim

### Typical hardware

Component | Typical spec
--- | ---
CPU | Intel Pentium MMX, 166–233 MHz
Graphics | SVGA
Sound | Sound Blaster 16 / AWE32 (or GUS) General MIDI
RAM | 32 MB

### DOSBox Staging config

    [dosbox]
    machine = svga_s3
    memsize = 32

    [cpu]
    # 3D games at 640x480 or higher require up to 400000 for smooth gameplay
    cpu_cycles = 150000
    cputype = pentium_mmx

    [sblaster]
    sbtype = sb16

    [gus]
    # Only enable it for games that use the Gravis Ultrasound
    gus = on

    [midi]
    mididevice = soundcanvas

## Windows 3.1 games

DOSBox Staging fully supports Windows 3.1, which was not a standalone operating system but an operating environment running on top of DOS. A number of games were released exclusively for Windows 3.1 with no DOS version — particularly full-motion video (FMV) adventures and multimedia titles that leveraged Windows’ built-in video and audio support. Many of these are cult classics well worth rediscovering.

### Notable games

- Myst (1993) — landmark first-person adventure
- The Journeyman Project (1993) — time-travel sci-fi puzzle adventure
- The Dark Eye (1995) — surreal Edgar Allan Poe horror adventure
- Shivers (1995) — horror-themed first-person adventure
- Dust: A Tale of the Wired West (1995) — FMV western adventure
- Burn:Cycle (1995) — cyberpunk FMV adventure
- Civilization II (1996) — definitive Windows 3.1 strategy game
- 9: The Last Resort (1996) — surreal FMV puzzle adventure
- Titanic: Adventure Out of Time (1996) — historical FMV adventure
- Blue Heat (1997) — mature-themed video adventure

### Typical hardware

Component | Typical spec
--- | ---
CPU | Intel 486DX2, 33–66 MHz
Graphics | VGA
Sound | Sound Blaster 16 General MIDI
RAM | 4–16 MB

### DOSBox Staging config

    [dosbox]
    machine = svga_s3

    [cpu]
    cpu_cycles = 30000
    # This is important; some Windows 3.1 games require it
    cputype = pentium

    [sblaster]
    sbtype = sb16

    [midi]
    mididevice = soundcanvas

For a step-by-step guide to installing and configuring Windows 3.1 inside DOSBox Staging — including video, audio, MIDI, and mouse driver setup — see the Running Windows 3.1 chapter.