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# Beneath a Steel Sky

The next game we’re going to set up is Beneath a Steel Sky, a cyberpunk sci-fi adventure game from 1994. It’s one of the standout timeless classics of the adventure genre and best of all, Revolution Software released the game as freeware in 2003 (see their accompanying notes here).

## Launching games more easily

Before we delve into the setup instructions, here are a few words about launching our growing collection of games more easily. Having to navigate to the game’s folder whenever we want to launch gets old really fast. Here’s how we can skip this step:

### Windows

1. Create a batch file called `Start DOSBox Staging.bat` with the following content:

       C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\DOSBox\dosbox.exe

   That’s the default installation path chosen by the installer. `%USERNAME%` is your Windows user name. Of course, if you have installed DOSBox Staging to a different folder, you should adjust the path accordingly.

2. Copy this batch file into your individual game folders and rename them to the names of the games, e.g., `Prince of Persia.bat`.

3. Right-click on the batch file icon and select Send to → Desktop (create shortcut) in the context menu.

4. Now you can double-click on the new Prince of Persia.bat - Shortcut icon on your desktop to start the game (of course, you can rename the icon to Prince of Persia or whatever you like; this won’t change the name of the batch file it references).

### macOS

You can rename the Start DOSBox Staging icons in the individual game folders to the names of the games; then, you can use Spotlight Search to start a game.

For example, rename Start DOSBox Staging in the `Prince of Persia` folder to Prince of Persia. Start Spotlight Search by pressing `Cmd`+`Space`, then type in “Prince”. The Prince of Persia icon will show up in the search results — you can simply press `Enter` on it to launch the game.

### Linux

The easiest way is to create a shell script with the following content (of course, modify the path passed in with the `--working-dir` option so it points to your game directory):

    #!/bin/bash
    dosbox --working-dir "~/Documents/DOS Games/Prince of Persia"

Then, create an icon on your desktop that launches this script, or start it however you like.

## Mounting a CD-ROM image

We will set up the liberated “talkie” CD-ROM version of the game that has full voice-acting. You know the drill: create a new `Beneath a Steel Sky` subfolder inside your `DOS Games` folder and then the usual `drives/c` subfolder within it. Download the ISO CD-ROM image from the Beneath a Steel Sky item at the Internet Archive and put it into a `cd` subfolder inside your `Beneath a Steel Sky` game folder. The name of the `cd` subfolder has no special significance; you could put the `.iso` image anywhere, but it’s good to get into the habit of organising your game files systematically (e.g., you could create a `Manual` or `Extras` subfolder too for the scanned manuals and other extra files). It’s a good idea to rename `Beneath a Steel Sky (1995)(Virgin).iso` to `cdrom1.iso`; our game folder has the game’s full name anyway.

Speaking of manuals, make sure to get the scan of the Security Manual and the comic book

included in the boxed version of the game.

For the visually inclined, this is the structure we’ll end up with:

We need to mount the CD image to use it. Our C drive is the hard drive, so we’ll mount the CD-ROM image using the following letter D by convention. This is equivalent to having a CD-ROM drive in our emulated computer assigned to the drive letter D and inserting the game CD into it.

Mounting an image file, such as a floppy or CD-ROM image, is accomplished with the `MOUNT` command. It is pretty simple to use: the first argument is the drive letter (`d`), the second the path to the CD-ROM image (`cd/cdrom1.iso`), and the third the type of the image file (`-t iso`).

So this is what we need to put into our config:

    [autoexec]
    mount d cd/cdrom1.iso -t iso

Warning

If you’ve decided to keep the original name of the ISO, you’ll need to enclose it in double quotes because it contains spaces:

    mount d "cd/Beneath a Steel Sky (1995)(Virgin).iso" -t iso

If you’re on Linux, make sure to get the casing of the ISO file exactly right. Commands that operate on emulated DOS drives are case-insensitive, just like real MS-DOS, but `MOUNT` opens a file on your host directly, so the casing rules of your host filesystem apply.

Tip

By always putting your CD-ROM images into the `cd` subfolder within your game folder and renaming the ISO files to `cdrom1.iso`, `cdrom2.iso`, and so on, it’s easier to reuse the mount commands between configs.

You can always run `MOUNT /?` or `HELP MOUNT` if you need a little reminder on how to use the command (although the full list of options can be a little overwhelming).

This is what you should see in the DOSBox Staging window after startup if everything is set up correctly:

    Local directory drives/c/ mounted as C drive
    Z:\>mount d cd/cdrom1.iso -t iso
    MSCDEX installed.
    ISO image cd/cdrom1.iso mounted as D drive
    Z:\>_

MSCDEX is the name of the MS-DOS CD-ROM driver, and the following line just informs us that our CD image has been mounted as drive D. Time to get down to business then!

Always mount CD-ROM images with `MOUNT`

While you could mount CD-ROM images outside of DOSBox with other programs, too (e.g., Daemon Tools, ImgDrive, WinCDEmu, or the built-in Windows 10/11 ISO mounting feature), these alternative approaches often lead to compatibility problems. That’s because these tools don’t emulate the MSCDEX MS-DOS driver that DOS games expect.

For a trouble-free life, always use the built-in `MOUNT` command. There’s nothing to gain from using these 3rd party mounting tools for DOS games.

## Installing the game

Most games that come on CD images must be installed on the hard drive first. Usually, there’s an executable called `INSTALL.EXE` or `SETUP.EXE` in the root directory of the CD (the extension could be `.COM` or `.BAT` as well).

Switch to the D drive by executing `d:` then run the `dir` command to inspect the contents of the CD:

     Volume in drive D is BASS
     Directory of D:\

    INSTALL  EXE                  28,846 06/15/1994  8:56a
    README   TXT                   1,569 09/08/2005  1:34a
    SKY      DNR                  40,796 07/07/1994  8:40a
    SKY      DSK              72,429,382 07/07/1994  8:40a
    SKY      EXE                 402,622 07/07/1994  7:21a
    SKY      RST                  53,720 07/07/1994  7:19a
                    6 file(s)            72,956,935 bytes
                    0 dir(s)                      0 bytes free

Okay, so we have two executables with the `.EXE` extension and one text file. View `README.TXT` using the `more` command (run `more README.TXT`). It turns out it only contains some legal notice we don’t really care about. `INSTALL.EXE` is what we’re after, so let’s run that!

We’re greeted by a pretty standard-looking text-mode installer. Either press any key or wait a few seconds to progress to the second screen, where you’ll need to select the installation path:

You can navigate the interface with the cursor keys, `Esc`, `Enter`, and the mouse. The default `C:\SKY` install location is perfectly fine, so just accept that by pressing `Enter`.

The installer will take us now to the setup screen where we can select the language of the in-game text (the voice-acting is English-only), and the sound settings:

English is fine, and the game has auto-detected our sound card correctly (Sound Blaster 16 — this is the sound card DOSBox emulates by default), so accept these settings for now. And now, the counterintuitive part: to finish the installation and save the settings, we need to press the Exit Install button, which will take us to the (guess what?) Exit Install dialog:

Here you need to press the Save Setup button to finalise the settings and exit the installer.

As you can see, this is not exactly a masterclass in user interface design, but it does the job. Expect many DOS-era install and setup utilities to be similarly slightly illogical — often, it’s not completely obvious what to do, but it’s not too hard to figure out either. Reading the manual or some trial and error might help, too.

Anyway, after pressing Save Setup, the installer will exit and print out the following instructions:

    BENEATH A STEEL SKY has been installed to directory:

    C:\SKY

    To run the game type:

    C:
    CD \SKY
    SKY

Alrighty, let’s do as the computer says! It’s the easiest to put the above commands into the `[autoexec]` section of our config, but let’s comment the last `sky` command out for now by preceding it with a `#` character because we don’t want to start the game just yet:

    [autoexec]
    mount d cd/cdrom1.iso -t iso
    c:
    cd \sky
    #sky

## Changing the current directory

So before we run the game, what is this `cd \sky` command? Does it have something to do with the `cd` subfolder where we put our CD-ROM image, perhaps?

No, that’s just a coincidence. The `cd` command stands for Change Directory; you use it to change the current directory, which is displayed as part of the DOS prompt. So let’s analyse what these lines we put into the `[autoexec]` section do:

    c:
    cd \sky

The first command `c:` switches to the C drive (remember, the current drive is the special built-in Z drive when DOSBox starts).

Then, the second `cd \sky` command changes the current directory to the `sky` directory at the root level of the C drive. `cd sky` would also work because the current directory is the root directory when we switch to the C drive right after startup.

How do you go up one level to the parent directory? With the `cd ..` command (two dots means “parent directory”, and a single dot means “current directory”).

    C:\SKY>cd ..
    C:\>_

How do you go straight to the root directory? By executing `cd \` (the `\` backslash character means “root directory”).

    C:\SKY>cd \
    C:\>_

You can also switch to a nested subdirectory with a single `cd` command, e.g. if you have a directory called `one` at the root level which contains a subdirectory `two`, which in turn contains another subdirectory `three`, you can switch to `three` from any directory with the `cd \one\two\three` command. Note this is an imaginary example:

    C:\SKY>cd \one\two\three
    C:\ONE\TWO\THREE>_

Play around a bit with the drive and directory switching commands, then when you’ve had enough, uncomment the last `sky` command in the `[autoexec]` section (remove the `#` character).

Warning

You cannot switch to a different drive with the `cd` command (e.g., `cd z:` or `cd z` won’t work); you must use the drive letter followed by a colon (`z:` in this example).

## Adjusting volume levels

After starting the game, don’t watch the intro just yet; press `Esc` to jump straight to the opening scene. There’s music playing — so far so good. Move the cursor over the door on the right side of the screen, and when it turns into a crosshair and the word “Door” appears next to it, press the left mouse button to inspect it. Lo and behold, you’ll hear our protagonist speak! But it’s barely audible; the music is just too loud.

There are a couple of ways to fix that. You can press `F5` to bring up the game’s options dialog where you can lower the music volume, but that would make the total audio output too quiet. Worse yet, the setting doesn’t get saved, so you’d need to do this every single time when starting up the game.

As we’ve learned before, games with Sound Blaster support tend to use the sound card’s OPL synthesiser for the music and its digital audio capabilities for the speech. As the OPL synth and the digital audio have their dedicated mixer channels, their volumes can be adjusted independently.

“Wait a minute, what mixer channels now?!”

Okay, so DOSBox has an integrated audio mixer. All emulated sound cards have their own channels in the mixer, and certain “composite” audio devices may have multiple channels. The Sound Blaster is such a composite device; it has two mixer channels: one for the OPL synthesiser and one for digital audio.

Execute the `mixer` command at the DOS prompt to view the current state of the mixer:

The first channel is the `MASTER` channel; this is the summed output of all other channels, and it’s always present. Below that is the `CDAUDIO` channel, the `OPL` and `PCSPEAKER` channels (you can guess these two, right?), and finally, the `SB` channel, which is for the digital audio output of the Sound Blaster.

The Sound Blaster card and PC speaker are enabled by default, which is why their channels appear in the mixer. The `CDAUDIO` channel is added automatically whenever we mount a CD-ROM image (as the CD image might contain audio tracks).

To adjust the volume of any mixer channel, we use the `mixer` command and pass in the channel’s name as the first argument and the volume as the second, expressed as a percentage value. So, to raise the volume of the `SB` channel to 500%, we need to execute the following:

    mixer sb 500

By default, the command prints out the new state of the mixer after the adjustment:

You can combine multiple mixer commands in a single line, e.g., in the below example, we’re setting the `OPL` channel’s volume to 50% and the `SB` channel’s to 500%:

    mixer opl 50 sb 500

You can run `mixer /?` or `help mixer` to see the full list of available mixer commands.

Do we need to perform these mixer adjustments manually every single time before running the game? Of course not! We can simply include them in our `[autoexec]` section. The extra `/noshow` argument prevents the mixer from displaying its current state; there’s no need for that in our automated startup script.

    [autoexec]
    mount D "cd/cdrom1.iso" -t iso
    c:
    cd sky
    mixer opl 50 sb 500 /noshow
    sky

## Changing the emulated Sound Blaster model

DOSBox emulates the Sound Blaster 16 by default (see the Sound Blaster page for all available models and settings). This card can emulate all earlier Sound Blaster models and offers the widest compatibility with DOS games.

But back in the day, there were more Sound Blaster variants and clones you could shake a stick at, and many of them have quite different default volume levels. We don’t know what particular model the developers this game used, so it’s worth experimenting with a few different ones. Let’s start with a first-revision Sound Blaster Pro! Add the following snippet to your config:

    [sblaster]
    sbtype = sbpro2

We want to hear how the Sound Blaster Pro 2 sounds with the default, unaltered volume levels, so make sure to comment out the previously added `mixer` command in the `[autoexec]` section by prefixing it with a `#` character:

    [autoexec]
    mount D "cd/cdrom1.iso" -t iso
    c:
    cd sky
    #mixer opl 50 sb 500 /noshow
    sky

It seems this simple change alone does the trick; now the speech can be heard clearly over the music, and the overall volume level is good too! Of course, you can still fine-tune the individual channel volumes with the `mixer` command if you wish to do so.

## Disabling the Sound Blaster mixer

Another option we can try is not letting the game mess around with the OPL and digital audio volumes. Starting from the Sound Blaster Pro 1, programs can alter the volume levels of the Sound Blaster card’s internal mixer, but we can disallow that by turning off the `sbmixer` setting. Comment out the `sbtype` setting because we want to experiment with our default Sound Blaster 16 model and leave the `mixer` command in the `[autoexec]` section commented out, too, of course.

    [sblaster]
    #sbtype = sbpro2
    sbmixer = off

Well, that’s another way to fix the issue — the speech is now loud and clear!

But it’s a bit too loud. While the balance between the music and speech was just perfect on the Sound Blaster Pro 2, the speech is now overpowering the music. Compensating for that by lowering the `SB` channels volume in the mixer is certainly an option, but we can conclude the developers must have tuned the volume levels for a Sound Blaser Pro, so setting `sbtype = sbpro2` is the best solution.

When the game knows best

Not letting a game adjust volume levels can sometimes backfire, e.g., in a game that intelligently lowers the OPL music level whenever speech is playing. But it’s worth a shot; some games benefit from wrestling the control from them and putting the mixer into “manual mode”.

## Adjusting the emulated CPU speed

If you did watch the intro video (which I told you to skip, but no hard feelings), you must have heard quite severe audio stutterings from the moment the narrator starts speaking. Well, if you haven’t, watch it now!

What’s happening here? DOS gaming spans almost two decades, and many different CPUs were in use during that period, all having wildly different performance or clock speeds (see CPU for the full reference). DOSBox doesn’t emulate any specific CPU but a “generic” one. So how does it know the speed at which to run a particular game then?

It doesn’t.

To explain what’s going on, we’ll need to understand a few technical details. It won’t hurt too much, I promise!

### Real and protected mode

DOS games can be divided into two categories: older games and newer games (who would’ve guessed?) Older games released before about 1993 use something called real mode, while newer games released from 1993 onwards use protected mode. The important distinction here is that most CPU-hungry games are protected mode games (e.g., FPS games and flight simulators), while older pre-1993 real mode games generally have much less demanding performance requirements. Figuring out what exact CPU speed a particular game needs is almost impossible at the emulator level, but detecting whether a game uses real or protected mode is trivial. Therefore, DOSBox does the following automatic speed calibration by default:

- For real mode games, it emulates 3000 CPU instructions per millisecond (roughly equivalent to a 386SX running at 20 MHz)

- For protected mode games, it emulates 60 000 CPU instructions per millisecond (roughly equivalent to a Pentium running at 90 MHz).

The reasoning here is that older games are often sensitive to CPU speed; they might run too fast or misbehave if the CPU is too performant, hence the more conservative setting. Newer, more demanding games, however, benefit from the extra speed advantage and can generally handle faster processors without negative side effects.

While this approach generally gets all games running, manual tweaking of the emulated CPU speed is often required to make any particular game run smoothly. Protected mode games running at “too high” CPU speeds are particularly problematic because there might not be enough power left for smooth, glitch-free audio emulation. There’s zero point in emulating a faster CPU than the game needs as all that extra work could be put to better use — such as smoother audio emulation.

Beyond a Steel Sky is a protected mode game, but how we do know that? Let’s comment out the last `sky` command in the `[autoexec]` section to prevent the game from auto-starting, then launch DOSBox Staging in windowed mode. DOSBox itself always starts in real mode, and let’s take a look at the text in the DOSBox window’s title bar! It starts with the following:

    DOSBox Staging - 3000 cycles/ms - to capture the mouse press...

Remember what we learned earlier: in real mode, DOSBox defaults to emulating 3000 CPU instructions, or cycles, per millisecond. The text in the title bar tells us the current cycles value, so indeed, we must be running in real mode now!

Now start the game with the `sky` command and keep your eyes peeled on the title bar. The text will soon change to the following:

    SKY.EXE - 60000 cycles/ms - to capture the mouse press...

`SKY.EXE` is the name of the currently running program, and what do we see right after that? `60000 cycles/ms`! That’s the tell-tale sign of a protected mode game because 60 000 cycles is our protected mode default.

And that’s the crux of the problem — there’s not enough horsepower left to emulate the time-critical audio output without stuttering and glitches. The solution is kind of obvious: instead of letting DOSBox run amok with the CPU emulation, we’ll restrict it to a reasonable speed. `cpu_cycles` sets the cycles value for real mode, and `cpu_cycles_protected` for protected mode.

Let’s insert the following snippet into our config:

    [cpu]
    cpu_cycles_protected = 25000

Restart DOSBox Staging and watch the intro again. The audio glitches are now gone! Well done, time for a beer (or your beverage of choice)!

Real and protected mode

In very simple terms, real mode is a programming model that uses the legacy 16-bit mode of an Intel 386 or later CPU, while protected mode takes full advantage of its capabilities and runs in 32-bit mode. Protected mode is the real deal, but it couldn’t be universally utilised until 386 or better CPUs had gained widespread adoption. That happened around the year 1993; games released from thereon use protected mode almost exclusively.

You can easily spot protected mode games by the presence of so-called DOS extenders in their main game directories. `DOS4GW.EXE`, `PMODEW.EXE`, and `CWSDPMI.EXE` were the most popular ones. These extenders also print out some fairly characteristic messages as they start up when launching the game, so they’re easy to recognise.

But you don’t need to worry about all that detail as DOSBox will indicate with 100% accuracy whether a game runs in real or protected mode. Just leave `cpu_cycles` and `cpu_cycles_protected` at their default 3000 and 60 000 cycles values, respectively (or set some different custom values of your choosing), then watch the title bar of the DOSBox Staging window while running the game.

### Finding the correct speed for a game

Ok, so why set `cpu_cycles_protected` to 25 000 and not any other number? The game’s manual states that a 386 or better processor is required. Indeed, the game works fine at 6000 cycles, which approximates a 386DX CPU running at 33 MHz, but the loading times are a bit on the slow side. Setting the CPU cycles to 25 000 — which roughly corresponds to a 486DX2/66 — speeds up the loading considerably without causing any negative side effects. This is not surprising as the DX2/66 was one of the most popular CPUs in the 1990s for gaming. This is what Wikipedia says about it:

> The i486DX2-66 was a very popular processor for video game enthusiasts in the early to mid-90s. Often coupled with 4 to 8 MB of RAM and a VLB video card, this CPU was capable of playing virtually every game title available for years after its release, right up to the end of the MS-DOS game era, making it a “sweet spot” in terms of CPU performance and longevity.

The following table gives you reasonable rough cycles values for the most popular processors:

Emulated CPU | MHz | Cycles | Year
--- | --- | --- | ---
8088 | 4.77 | 300 | 1981
286 | 8 | 700 | 1984
286 | 12 | 1500 | 1986
286 | 25 | 3000 | 1988
386DX | 25 | 4500 | 1988
386DX | 33 | 6000 | 1989
486DX | 33 | 12 000 | 1990
486DX2 | 66 | 25 000 | 1992
486DX4 | 100 | 35 000 | 1994
Intel Pentium | 90 | 50 000 | 1994
Intel Pentium | 100 | 60 000 | 1994
Intel Pentium MMX | 166 | 100 000 | 1997
Intel Pentium II | 300 | 200 000 | 1997

You can look up this handy table in the online help as well with the `cpu_cycles /?` command.

Always treat these values only as starting points; as explained previously, accurately emulating the speed of any given processor is not possible due to the “abstract” nature of DOSBox’s CPU emulation approach. But from a practical point of view, this does not matter much — you just need to find the optimal cycles value the game works well with.

If you’re playing 2D games from the 90s, an emulated 486DX2/66 will handle anything you throw at it. For 3D games, however, you’ll probably need to go up to Pentium or Pentium MMX levels, and Pentium II speeds are a must for 3D SVGA gaming at 640×480 or higher resolutions. For older real mode games, the default 3000 cycles is a good starting point, but try the 300 to 10 000 range and see if that improves anything.

You can fine-tune the cycles setting while playing the game with the `Ctrl`+`F11` and `Ctrl`+`F12` shortcuts (`Cmd`+`F11` and `Cmd`+`F12` on the Mac); these will increase the cycles value by 10%, or decrease it by 20%, respectively. Once you’ve arrived at a good setting, just update your config according to the cycles value displayed in the DOSBox Staging window’s title bar.

Always try to find the minimum cycles value for each game that gives you an adequate performance to conserve host CPU power and reduce the likelihood of audio glitches — overdoing it only makes things worse. Here’s a List of CPU speed sensitive games that should give you further tips and pointers.

## Setting up Roland MT-32 sound

### Installing the MT-32 ROMs

You might have noticed the game offers a sound option called “Roland” in its setup utility. What this refers to is the Roland MT-32 family of MIDI sound modules. These were external devices you could connect to your PC that offered far more realistic and higher-quality music than any Sound Blaster or AdLib sound card was capable of. They were the Cadillacs of DOS gaming audio for a while (they were priced accordingly, too), and many find they still sound excellent even by today’s standards.

DOSBox Staging can emulate all common variants of the MT-32 family (see the Roland MT-32 page for the full documentation), but it requires ROM dumps of the original hardware devices to do so. So first, we need to download these ROMs from here as a ZIP package, then copy the contents of the archive into our designated MT‑32 ROM folder:

Windows | `C:\Users\%USERNAME%\AppData\Local\DOSBox\mt32-roms\`
macOS | `~/Library/Preferences/DOSBox/mt32-roms/`
Linux | `~/.config/dosbox/mt32-roms/`

If the above download link doesn’t work, search for “mt32 roms mame” and “cm32l roms mame” in your favourite search engine and you’ll figure out the rest…

After you’ve copied the ROM files into the appropriate location for your platform, start up DOSBox Staging again and run the `mixer /listmidi` command. This will verify your MT-32 ROM files and print a `y` character below the MT-32 ROM versions that have been successfully detected. The green `y` character indicates the currently selected MT-32 version. You should get an output similar to this:

### Selecting the MT-32 version

As you might have guessed already, you can tell DOSBox Staging to emulate an MT-32 model of a specific revision; you can read all about that on our wiki. But in practice, these two models will cover 99% of your gaming needs:

`cm32l`
  Unless a specific MT-32 model is requested, DOSBox Staging emulates the Roland CM-32L by default, which gives you the best overall compatibility. This is a 2nd generation MT-32 with 32 additional sound effects that many games make good use of. Some studios, such as LucasArts, tended to favour the CM-32L, so their games sound a little bit better on this module.
`mt32_old`
  Most older games, most notably the entire early Sierra adventure catalogue, absolutely need a 1st generation MT-32; they will refuse to work correctly on any other model or at least sound incorrect. For those games, use `mt32_old`.

To enable MT-32 emulation and specify the model you wish to use, insert the following into your config:

    [midi]
    mididevice = mt32

    [mt32]
    model = cm32l

How do you figure out which MT-32 model to use for a particular game? Well, you can’t do that easily without a lot of research and trial and error, but thanks to the tireless work of certain prestigious individuals, you can simply refer to the list of MT-32-compatible computer games that tells you the correct model to use for most well-known games.

Let’s consult the list and see what it says about Beneath a Steel Sky!

> Requires CM-series/LAPC-I for proper MT-32 output. Buffer overflows on MT-32 ‘old’. Combined MT-32/SB output only possible using ScummVM

Well, the list knows best, so we’ll use the CM-32L for our game (as we’ve done in the above config example).

To appreciate the difference, you can try running the game with the `mt32_old` model after you have successfully set it up for the `cm32l`. You’ll find the sound effects in the opening scene sound a lot better on the CM-32L.

### Configuring the game for the MT-32

So now DOSBox Staging emulates the CM-32L, but we also need to set up the game for “Roland sound”. (They could’ve been a bit more precise and told us the game works best with the CM-32L, couldn’t they? It’s not even mentioned in the manual!)

Many games have a dedicated setup utility in the same directory where the main game executable resides. This is usually called `SETUP.EXE`, `SETSOUND.EXE`, `SOUND.EXE`, `SOUND.BAT`, or something similar. There is no standard; every game is different. You’ll need to poke around a bit; a good starting point is to list all executables in the main game folder with the `dir *.exe`, `dir *.com`, and `dir *.bat` commands or the `ls` command and attempt running the most promising-looking ones. The manual might also offer some helpful pointers, and so can the odd text file (`.TXT` extension) in the installation directory or the root directory of the CD (if the game came on a CD-ROM). Certain games have a combined installer and setup utility, usually called `INSTALL.EXE` or `SETUP.EXE`, which can be slightly disorienting for people with modern sensibilities. You’ll get used to it.

This particular game turns things up a notch and does not copy the combined installer-and-setup utility into `C:\SKY` as one would rightly expect. To reconfigure the game, you’ll need to run `INSTALL.EXE` from the CD, so from the D drive (I’ve told you — setting up the game itself is often part of the adventure!)

So let’s do that. As we’ve already installed the game on our C drive, we’ll need to press `Esc` instead of `Enter` in the first Path Selection Window. Not exactly intuitive, but whatever. Now we’re in the Setup Menu screen, where we can change the language and configure the sound options. Select Roland sound, then press the Exit Install and Save Setup buttons to save your settings (don’t even get me started…)

Okay, now the moment of truth: start the game with the `sky` command. If nothing went sideways, we should hear the much-improved, glorious MT-32 soundtrack! Now we’re cooking with gas!

So let’s inspect our favourite door one more time by moving the cursor over it and then pressing the left mouse button — hey, where did the voice-over go?! Yeah… you’ve probably glossed over this little detail in the tip from the MT-32 wiki page:

> Combined MT-32/SB output only possible using ScummVM

What this means for us ordinary mortals is that the original game can either use the MT-32 for MIDI music and sound effects, and you get no digital speech, or only the Sound Blaster for OPL music, digital sound effects, and speech. MT-32 MIDI music and sound effects combined with digital speech via the Sound Blaster — the computer says no, buddy.

The game has just taught us an important life lesson: you can’t have everything, especially not in the world of older DOS games. You’ll have to pick what you value most: better music and only subtitles or full voice-acting with a slightly worse soundtrack. I’m opting for the latter, and remember, we can always enhance the Sound Blaster / AdLib music by adding chorus and reverb. This will get us a little bit closer to the MT-32 soundtrack:

    [mixer]
    reverb = large
    chorus = strong

### Getting MT-32 music with speech (after all)

Except some people go, “Yeah, screw life lessons, I won’t have it!” Believe it or not, some people are still creating patches for 30-year-old DOS games to improve them in various ways. One such distinguished gentleman found a way to get MT-32 music and Sound Blaster digital speech and sound effects playing at the same time in Beneath a Steel Sky, so we’ll use his patch to get the most out of the game.

Download the `skydrv.zip` from here, unzip it, and then copy `skydrv.com` into `drives/c/SKY`. As per the forum post, you can run the patched game from the mounted CD with this command:

    d:
    c:\sky\skydrv cfg=c:\sky

Skip the intro and inspect the door again. Whoa, magic! MT-32 music and speech at the same time! Yikes! Best put this into our `[autoexec]` section!

## Aspect ratio correction

We’re on a roll here; the game seems to provide us with endless education opportunities. We’ll divert our eyes (ears?) from the audio to the graphics next!

If you’ve checked out the comic book included with the game (and you definitely should!) and you have a keen eye for detail, you might have noticed that the images in the intro sequence are scanned from the comics, and they appear vertically stretched on-screen. In fact, they appear exactly 20% taller than they should (just trust me on that for a moment).

So, where’s this magical 20% vertical stretch factor coming from? DOSBox Staging enables aspect ratio correction by default to make 320×200 graphics appear exactly as it would on a 4:3 aspect ratio VGA monitor, which requires pixels to be drawn 20% taller. This is the most sensible default as aspect ratio correction is absolutely needed for the vast majority of DOS games to look correct, but there are exceptions — this game is one of those rare cases. One of the tell-tale signs is that the artwork in the intro was scanned using square pixels, and we need to disable aspect ratio correction for such games. With aspect ratio correction disabled, we’ll always get square pixels, no matter what (1:1 pixel aspect ratio, or PAR). All this is explained in a lot more detail in the [Aspect ratios & black borders] options](../manual/graphics/aspect-ratios.md) section of the user manual.

Left: Screenshot from the intro with aspect ratio correction disabled (square pixels)
Right: The original image from the comic book included with the game

That’s quite easy to do, and we’re also setting the viewport resolution to 4x integer scaling, effectively, because the game would appear too blocky when fit to fullscreen:

    [render]
    aspect = square-pixels
    viewport = 1280x800

Beneath a Steel Sky with aspect ratio correction disabled

Well, we won’t escape this way…

Of course, this would’ve been a very misguided effort if it had only fixed the intro graphics but not the in-game visuals. Fortunately, it turns out both the intro and the in-game content had been drawn assuming square pixels. For example, note how the floppy icon looks like a tallish rectangle with aspect ratio correction enabled; that’s wrong; floppies should appear as perfect squares. Human figures and circular objects would also appear slightly elongated vertically with aspect ratio correction enabled. Ultimately, we know the game was developed by Revolution, a European studio, and they also released the game for PAL Amigas that have square pixels. We also know that Revolution was very fond of the Amiga and thus can be considered an Amiga-first developer. For such games, disabling aspect ratio correction is almost always the correct answer.

So, the rules of thumb:

`aspect = on`

- For most games primarily developed for DOS. This is the DOSBox Staging default, and it ensures the overwhelming majority of DOS games appear correctly out of the box.

- For games primarily developed for the Amiga or Atari ST by a North American studio for the NTSC standard. (Note that even if the work was performed by a European studio but was commissioned by North Americans, that usually means the game was primarily intended for the NTSC-only North American market, so you need aspect ratio correction.)

`aspect = square-pixels`

- For most games primarily developed by European studios for the Amiga or Atari ST.

Here’s a non-exclusive list of the most important European studios:

Bitmap Brothers, Bullfrog, Coktel Vision, Core Design, DMA Design, Delphine, Digital Illusions, Firebird, Horror Soft / Adventure Soft, Infogrames, Level 9, Magnetic Scrolls, Ocean, Psygnosis, Revolution, Sensible Software, Silmarils, Team 17, Thalamus, Thalion, Ubisoft

From squares to rectangles

For the vast majority of computer games from the 1980s and ’90s featuring 2D graphics, the art was created once for the “leading platform” and then reused in the various other platform conversions. It was just not economical to draw the graphics multiple times in different aspect ratios and resolutions, hence this was done extremely rarely.

We’ve explained earlier that CRT monitors in the DOS era had a 4:3 aspect ratio, so in 320×200 mode the pixels had to be 20% taller for the image to completely fill the screen. DOSBox Staging does this aspect ratio correction by default, which results in games primarily developed for DOS PCs assuming 1:1.2 pixel aspect ratio to look correct (as the artist intended). The detailed mathematical derivation of the 1:1.2 PAR is explained in the Aspect ratios & black borders section of the user manual.

But what about games where the leading platform was the Amiga or the Atari ST, and the game was developed by a European studio? The analog TV standard in Europe was PAL. Therefore, Amigas sold in Europe were PAL machines that had square pixels in the 320×256 screen mode, the resolution most commonly used by PAL Amiga games. So what these European studios usually did was to draw the art assuming square pixels, but using only a 320×200 portion of the 320×256 total available area. On PAL Amigas, the art appeared in the correct aspect ratio but letterboxed; on NTSC Amigas and DOS PCs that had the 320×200 low-res screen mode, the art filled the whole screen but appeared slightly stretched vertically (by 20%). No one seemed to complain about this, and they saved a lot of money by not having to draw the art twice, so this economically motivated compromise became a common practice.

However, now you have the option to enjoy these games in their correct aspect ratio, as per the artists’ original intention, by simply disabling DOSBox Staging’s default aspect ratio correction.

Don’t trust the circles!

Even keener observers might notice the image from the intro on the left features a circle that only appears perfect with aspect ratio correction enabled, in which case the image from the comics is stretched. However, with aspect ratio correction disabled (as shown above), the circle appears to be a squashed oval, but the image from the comics looks perfect.

The explanation is simple: the person who drew the circle around the scanned image did it assuming 1:1.2 pixel aspect ratio, so it looked like a perfect circle to him on his PC VGA monitor.

That’s a common theme: some games end up with assets added to them during the porting process, which can sometimes result in mixed aspect ratio assets in a single game. Sometimes, it’s just impossible to make the game appear correctly using a single fixed pixel aspect ratio, especially if such mixed aspect ratio assets are being displayed on screen at the same time.

Generally, you cannot trust the circles. Sometimes, they will appear perfect when the correct aspect ratio is used; sometimes, they won’t. It’s much more reliable to judge aspect ratio correctness by looking at common objects, human bodies, and human faces.

## Arcade monitor emulation

Now that we have brought up the Amiga, it’s worthwhile mentioning a special feature of the CRT emulation, which is not quite authentic but still a lot of fun!

Home computer and arcade monitors (also known as 15 kHz monitors), such as the Commodore monitors typically used with Amiga computers, were quite different from VGA CRTs. They displayed low-resolution content with thick scanlines, similar to EGA monitors, and were a lot less sharp. While this wasn’t great for displaying text and spreadsheets, it made low-resolution pixel art appear in a more favourable light.

We can enable this special fantasy mode with the following setting:

    [render]
    shader = crt-auto-arcade

Now you can play the game with Amiga-like graphics and MT-32 or OPL sound from a strange parallel universe! 😎

Beneath a Steel Sky from a parallel universe running on an Amiga in 256-colour mode

## Final configuration

Putting it all together, this is our final config:

    [cpu]
    cpu_cycles_protected = 25000

    [sdl]
    fullscreen = on

    [render]
    aspect = square-pixels
    viewport = 1280x800

    # uncomment for arcade monitor emulation
    #shader = crt-auto-arcade

    [sblaster]
    sbmixer = off

    [midi]
    mididevice = mt32

    [mixer]
    reverb = large
    chorus = strong

    [autoexec]
    mount d "cd/cdrom1.iso" -t iso

    # original game
    #c:
    #cd sky
    #sky

    # patched game (MT-32 music & SB speech/sfx)
    d:
    c:\sky\skydrv cfg=c:\sky

    exit

The patched game is clearly superior, but you can still run the original version: just uncomment the three lines below `# original game`, then comment out the two lines after `# patched game`. You can switch between Roland MT-32 and Sound Blaster & AdLib sound at will by only reconfiguring the game via `INSTALL.EXE` — you won’t need to make any further changes to the DOSBox config.

About reverb presets

In case you’re wondering, enabling reverb and chorus does not add these effects to the output of the MT-32. That’s undesirable as the MT-32 has its own built-in reverb and chorus, so DOSBox Staging is intelligent enough not to apply these effects twice on its output.

The reverb presets add a tiny little bit of reverb to the digital audio (PCM) outputs, such as the `SB` channel, mostly just to help the PCM output blend better with the synthesiser’s output (e.g., the `OPL` channel), which features a prominent reverb.